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中华脑血管病杂志(电子版) ›› 2024, Vol. 18 ›› Issue (05) : 446 -453. doi: 10.11817/j.issn.1673-9248.2024.05.007

临床研究

接受ICM 的不明原因晕厥患者需行起搏治疗的临床预测因素分析
孙志军1, 梁立丰1, 柳晓娜2, 杨汪洋1, 邸北冰1, 张妮潇1, 彭晖1,()   
  1. 1.100050 北京,首都医科大学附属北京友谊医院心内科
    2.053000 河北衡水,衡水市第二人民医院心内科
  • 收稿日期:2024-07-20 出版日期:2024-10-01
  • 通信作者: 彭晖

Identifying predictive factors for pacemaker implantation in patients with unexplained syncope receiving implantable cardiac monitor

Zhijun1 Sun1, Lifeng Liang1, Xiaona Liu2, Wangyang Yang1, Beibing Di1, Nixiao1 Zhang1, Hui Peng1,()   

  1. 1.Department of Cardiology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
    2.Department of Cardiology, Second People's Hospital of Hengshui, Hengshui 053000, China
  • Received:2024-07-20 Published:2024-10-01
  • Corresponding author: Hui Peng
引用本文:

孙志军, 梁立丰, 柳晓娜, 杨汪洋, 邸北冰, 张妮潇, 彭晖. 接受ICM 的不明原因晕厥患者需行起搏治疗的临床预测因素分析[J]. 中华脑血管病杂志(电子版), 2024, 18(05): 446-453.

Zhijun1 Sun, Lifeng Liang, Xiaona Liu, Wangyang Yang, Beibing Di, Nixiao1 Zhang, Hui Peng. Identifying predictive factors for pacemaker implantation in patients with unexplained syncope receiving implantable cardiac monitor[J]. Chinese Journal of Cerebrovascular Diseases(Electronic Edition), 2024, 18(05): 446-453.

目的

回顾性分析不明原因晕厥患者在接受植入式心电监测仪(ICM)后需要进行起搏治疗的预测因素,旨在为ICM 在此类高风险患者中的早期临床应用,以及有效的起搏治疗提供更多的依据。

方法

连续纳入2019 年12 月至2022 年6 月首都医科大学附属北京友谊医院因不明原因晕厥住院并接受ICM 植入的患者127 例。其中,通过ICM 监测到缓慢性心律失常并符合永久起搏器(PPM)植入指征的患者52 例(PPM 指征组),未监测到缓慢性心律失常的患者75 例(非PPM 指征组)。2组患者均随访至2024 年6 月,期间记录晕厥/晕厥前兆相关事件并进行病因分析及相应治疗;同时评价ICM 诊断的缓慢性心律失常需植入PPM 的预测因素。

结果

PPM 指征组患者年龄更大(P=0.030),最低心率更慢(P<0.001),更多的患者停搏>2 s(P<0.001);Ⅰ度房室传导阻滞(AVB)、Ⅰ度AVB 合并右束支传导阻滞(RBBB)或合并左束支传导阻滞(LBBB)更为常见(分别为P<0.001、P=0.039、P=0.016)。多因素分析显示,HOLTER 监测到的最低心率(P=0.024)、PR 间期(P<0.001)、停搏>2 s(P<0.001)是ICM 诊断的缓慢性心律失常需植入PPM 的独立预测因子;且受试者工作特征曲线的曲线下面积显示,3 个因子联合预测的价值更高(AUC=0.840,95% CI:0.770~0.909)。

结论

HOLTER 监测到的最低心率、PR 间期、停搏>2 s 是预测ICM 指导PPM 植入的高风险因素,给予此类高风险的不明原因晕厥患者早期植入ICM 可能获益更大。

Objective

To bolster the evidence for the early clinical application of implantable cardiac monitors (ICM) in high-risk patients and to optimize effective pacemaker therapy, by retrospectively analyzing the predictors for the need for pacemaker therapy in patients with unexplained syncope who underwent implantation of an ICM.

Methods

A total of 127 patients hospitalized for unexplained syncope and received ICM implantation at Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, between December 2019 and June 2022, were consecutively enrolled. Among them, 52 patients diagnosed with bradyarrhythmias through ICM monitoring met the criteria for permanent pacemaker (PPM) implantation(PPM indication group), while 75 patients did not exhibit bradyarrhythmias (non-PPM indication group).Both groups were followed up until June 2024. During the follow-up, syncope/presyncope-related events were recorded, and etiological analysis and corresponding treatments were conducted. Predictors for the need for PPM implantation due to bradyarrhythmias detected by ICM were also evaluated.

Results

Patients in the PPM indication group were older (P=0.030) and had a slower minimum heart rate (P<0.001), with a higher incidence of pauses exceeding 2 seconds (P<0.001). First-degree atrioventricular block (AVB), firstdegree AVB combined with right bundle branch block (RBBB), or left bundle branch block (LBBB) were more common in this group (P<0.001, P=0.039, and P=0.016, respectively). Multivariate analysis identified the minimum heart rate (P=0.024), PR interval (P<0.001), and pauses >2 seconds (P<0.001) detected by HOLTER monitoring as independent predictors of the need for PPM implantation due to bradyarrhythmias diagnosed by ICM. Moreover, the area under curve (AUC) of the receiver operating characteristic curve for the combined predictive value of these three factors was higher (AUC=0.840, 95% CI: 0.770-0.909).

Conclusion

The minimum heart rate, PR interval, and pauses >2 seconds detected by HOLTER monitoring are significant risk factors for predicting the need for PPM implantation guided by ICM. Early ICM implantation may be particularly beneficial for high-risk patients with unexplained syncope.

图1 研究对象纳入流程 注:ICM 为植入式心电监测仪;PPM 为永久起搏器
表1 患者的基线临床特征及心电图/HOLTER 指标
相关指标 总体(127例) 无PPM指征组(75例) PPM指征组(52例) 统计值 P
基线资料
年龄[岁,MQR)] 66.00(55.00,75.00) 64.00(53.50,72.00) 68.00(59.00,77.25) Z=2.172 0.030
女性[例(%)] 58(45.7) 34(45.3) 24(46.2) χ 2=0.008 0.927
体质量指数[kg/m2MQR)] 24.22(22.04,26.17) 24.34(22.18,26.06) 24.09(21.85,27.60) Z=0.409 0.684
吸烟史[例(%)] 45(35.4) 25(33.3) 20(38.5) χ 2=0.353 0.552
饮酒史[例(%)] 34(26.8) 18(24.0) 16(30.8) χ 2=0.718 0.397
收缩压[mmHg,MQR)] 130.00(121.50,143.50) 129.00(120.00,141.00) 134.00(124.75,144.25) Z=1.503 0.133
舒张压[mmHg,MQR)] 74.00(67.50,81.00) 74.00(68.50,80.50) 72.50(67.00,82.00) Z=0.314 0.755
合并疾病[例(%)]
冠心病 67(52.8) 39(52.0) 28(53.8) χ 2=0.042 0.838
高血压 86(67.7) 49(65.3) 37(71.2) χ 2=0.476 0.490
糖尿病 37(29.1) 25(33.3) 12(23.1) χ 2=1.565 0.211
心力衰竭 18(14.2) 8(11.1) 10(19.2) χ 2=1.852 0.174
肾功能不全 17(13.4) 11(14.7) 6(11.5) χ 2=0.259 0.611
合并用药[例(%)]
β受体阻滞剂 38(29.9) 23(30.7) 15(28.8) χ 2=0.049 0.826
二氢吡啶钙通道阻滞剂 43(33.9) 24(32.0) 19(36.5) χ 2=0.282 0.595
非二氢吡啶钙通道阻滞剂 2(1.6) 1(1.3) 1(1.9) 0.786
RASS抑制剂 44(34.6) 26(34.7) 18(34.7) χ 2=0.095 0.963
阿司匹林 41(32.3) 22(29.3) 19(36.5) χ 2=0.632 0.372
实验室检查[MQR)]
肌酐(mmol/L) 74.3(64.9,93.0) 74.3(64.7,93.0) 73.9(65.1,93.0) Z=0.130 0.899
C反应蛋白(mg/L) 1.3(0.6,4.1) 1.5(0.7,3.2) 1.1(0.6,4.8) Z=0.468 0.641
低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(mmol/L) 2.5(2.0,2.9) 2.5(1.9,2.9) 2.4(2.1,3.0) Z=0.321 0.748
钾(mmol/L) 3.9(3.8,4.2) 3.9(3.9,4.2) 4.0(3.8,4.2) Z=0.221 0.827
糖化血红蛋白(%) 5.8(5.5,6.5) 5.8(5.5,6.7) 5.7(5.5,6.2) Z=0.793 0.429
NT-proBNP(pg/ml) 154.0(91.6,392.0) 147.0(87.1,270.9) 198.5(106.7,627.3) Z=1.881 0.060
左心室射血分数(%) 66.3(62.3,69.3) 66.3(62.5,69.2) 67.1(61.9,69.3) Z=0.363 0.719
心电图/HOLTER指标
平均心率[次/min,MQR)] 68.0(62.5,74.0) 67.0(62.5,73.5) 69.00(62.8,75.0) Z=0.925 0.364
最低心率[次/min,MQR)] 49.0(46.0,55.0) 51.0(47.0,56.0) 46.00(38.8,52.0) Z=3.337 <0.001
PR间期[ms,MQR)] 179.0(157.5,204.5) 162.0(148.0,183.5) 200.0(179.8,217.8) Z=5.801 <0.001
QRS时间[ms,MQR)] 96.0(88.0,102.0) 93.0(88.0,103.5) 98.0(86.3,101.3) Z=0.358 0.722
停搏>2s[例(%)] 16(12.6) 2(2.7) 14(26.9) - <0.001
Ⅰ度AVB[例(%)] 44(34.6) 15(20.0) 29(55.8) χ 2=17.352 <0.001
LBBB[例(%)] 10(7.9) 3(4.0) 7(13.5) - 0.009
RBBB[例(%)] 16(12.6) 9(12.0) 7(13.5) χ 2=0.060 0.807
LAFB[例(%)] 8(6.3) 2(2.7) 6(11.5) - 0.063
LPFB[例(%)] 5(3.9) 1(1.3) 4(7.7) - 0.164
Ⅰ度AVB+RBBB[例(%)] 6(4.7) 1(1.3) 5(9.6) - 0.039
Ⅰ度AVB+LBBB[例(%)] 7(5.5) 1(1.3) 6(11.5) - 0.016
Ⅰ度AVB+LAFB[例(%)] 3(2.4) 1(1.3) 2(3.8) - 0.569
心房颤动[例(%)] 23(18.1) 10(13.3) 13(25.0) χ 2=2.818 0.093
表2 127 例患者具体随访情况[例(%)]
表3 ICM 诊断的缓慢性心律失常需植入PPM 的单因素和多因素Logistic 回归分析
图1 受试者工作特征曲线的AUC 预测ICM 诊断的缓慢性心律失常需植入PPM 注:ICM 为植入式心电监测仪;PPM 为永久性起搏器;AUC 为曲线下面积
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