Stellate ganglion block (SGB) is the most commonly method in clinical anesthesiology. In recent years, SGB is not only applied in acute and chronic pain, but also in the chronic refractory non-painful diseases, such as circulatory diseases, immune diseases and nervous system diseases. In the studies related to nervous system diseases, it is found that the regulation of SGB on craniocerebral circulation and cognitive function is fundamental for preventing and treating of complications related to craniocerebral vascular injury, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and postoperative cognitive impairment. SGB can selectively block the signal transduction of sympathetic pathway, inhibit the activity of adrenergic receptor, maintain the balance of vasomotor function between sympathetic nerve and parasympathetic nerve, and regulate the concentration of intracranial inflammatory factors. All these functions are helpful to regulate craniocerebral circulation and treat the related complications secondary to intracranial vasospasm and vascular injury. The cognitive function of the brain is also inseparable from the regulation of autonomic nerve. The effect of SGB on cognitive function may be related to blocking the hypothalamus-sympathetic nerve-adrenal axis and inhibiting the overactivation of immune. In the current research, it can be found that SGB affects brain circulation and brain cognitive function by regulating autonomic nerve balance and changing the state of brain environment, which plays a positive role in the benign prognosis of clinical diseases.