Role and mechanisms of neuron-astrocyte lipid metabolic coupling in central nervous system diseases

doi:10.3877/cma.j.issn.1673-9248.2026.05.013

Abstract

Abstract:

Astrocytes and neurons cooperate to maintain brain homeostasis through tightly regulated lipid metabolic coupling. Astrocytes deliver cholesterol to neurons via apolipoprotein E (ApoE)-containing lipoproteins to sustain synaptic function, while concurrently clearing excess neuronal fatty acids to alleviate lipotoxic stress. Distinct ApoE isoforms (e.g., ApoE4) differentially influence lipid transport and metabolic homeostasis, and their dysregulation is strongly implicated in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative and cerebrovascular disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, stroke, and Parkinson's disease. Future studies should further elucidate the dynamic mechanisms of this coupling and its pathological associations. This article reviews the lipid metabolic coupling process between astrocytes and neurons, and disscusses potential research directions and therapeutic targets in the future, in order to provide new strategies for neuroprotective treatment.

Key words: Astrocytes, Neurons, Lipid metabolism, Alzheimer's disease, Ischemic stroke

Kexin Tian, Xunzhi Liu, Xiangxin Chen, Chunhua Hang. Role and mechanisms of neuron-astrocyte lipid metabolic coupling in central nervous system diseases[J]. Chinese Journal of Cerebrovascular Diseases(Electronic Edition), 2026, 20(05): 570-578.

/ / Recommend

Add to citation manager EndNote|Ris|BibTeX

URL: https://zhnxgbzz.cma-cmc.com.cn/EN/10.3877/cma.j.issn.1673-9248.2026.05.013

https://zhnxgbzz.cma-cmc.com.cn/EN/Y2026/V20/I05/570

Figures/Tables 2

References 84

1	Neumann EK, Comi TJ, Rubakhin SS, et al. Lipid heterogeneity between astrocytes and neurons revealed by single-cell MALDI-MS combined with immunocytochemical classification [J]. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl, 2019, 58(18): 5910-5914.
2	Choi C, Finlay DK. Diverse immunoregulatory roles of oxysterols-the oxidized cholesterol metabolites [J]. Metabolites, 2020, 10(10): 384.
3	He Y, Xie K, Yang K, et al. Unraveling the interplay between metabolism and neurodevelopment in health and disease [J]. CNS Neurosci Ther, 2025, 31(5): e70427.
4	Petrov AM, Kasimov MR, Zefirov AL. Brain cholesterol metabolism and its defects: linkage to neurodegenerative diseases and synaptic dysfunction [J]. Acta Naturae, 2016, 8(1): 58-73.
5	Ren B, Burkovetskaya M, Jung Y, et al. Dysregulated cholesterol metabolism, aberrant excitability and altered cell cycle of astrocytes in fragile X syndrome [J]. Glia, 2023, 71(5): 1176-1196.
6	Chattopadhyay A, Sharma A. Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome: a pathophysiological manifestation of the bloch hypothesis [J]. Front Mol Biosci, 2023, 10: 1120373.
7	Kiyoshi C, Tedeschi A. Axon growth and synaptic function: a balancing act for axonal regeneration and neuronal circuit formation in CNS trauma and disease [J]. Dev Neurobiol, 2020, 80(7-8): 277-301.
8	Liemisa B, Newbury SF, Novy MJ, et al. Brain apolipoprotein E levels in mice challenged by a Western diet increase in an allele-dependent manner [J]. Aging Brain, 2023, 4: 100102.
9	Boyles JK, Pitas RE, Wilson E, et al. Apolipoprotein E associated with astrocytic glia of the central nervous system and with nonmyelinating glia of the peripheral nervous system [J]. J Clin Invest, 1985, 76(4): 1501-1513.
10	Tarr PT, Edwards PA. ABCG1 and ABCG4 are coexpressed in neurons and astrocytes of the CNS and regulate cholesterol homeostasis through SREBP-2 [J]. J Lipid Res, 2008, 49(1): 169-182.
11	Moulton MJ, Barish S, Ralhan I, et al. Neuronal ROS-induced glial lipid droplet formation is altered by loss of Alzheimer's disease-associated genes [J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2021, 118(52): e2112095118.
12	Borrell-Pages M, Luquero A, Vilahur G, et al. Canonical Wnt pathway and the LDL receptor superfamily in neuronal cholesterol homeostasis and function [J].Cardiovasc Res, 2023, 120(2): 140-151.
13	Yu C, Youmans KL, LaDu MJ. Proposed mechanism for lipoprotein remodelling in the brain [J]. Biochim Biophys Acta, 2010, 1801(8): 819-823.
14	Herz J, Bock HH. Lipoprotein receptors in the nervous system [J]. Annu Rev Biochem, 2002, 71: 405-434.
15	Bogdanovic N, Bretillon L, Lund EG, et al. On the turnover of brain cholesterol in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Abnormal induction of the cholesterol-catabolic enzyme CYP46 in glial cells [J]. Neurosci Lett, 2001, 314(1-2): 45-48.
16	Peake KB, Vance JE. Normalization of cholesterol homeostasis by 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin in neurons and glia from Niemann-Pick C1 (NPC1)-deficient mice [J]. J Biol Chem, 2012, 287(12): 9290-9298.
17	Dai L, Wang J, Meng L, et al. The cholesterol 24-hydroxylase CYP46A1 promotes α-synuclein pathology in Parkinson's disease [J]. PLoS Biol, 2025, 23(2): e3002974.
18	Ioannou MS, Jackson J, Sheu SH, et al. Neuron-astrocyte metabolic coupling protects against activity-induced fatty acid toxicity [J]. Cell, 2019, 177(6): 1522-1535. e14.
19	Schönfeld P, Reiser G. Brain energy metabolism spurns fatty acids as fuel due to their inherent mitotoxicity and potential capacity to unleash neurodegeneration [J]. Neurochem Int, 2017, 109: 68-77.
20	Wat LW, Chao C, Bartlett R, et al. A role for triglyceride lipase brummer in the regulation of sex differences in Drosophila fat storage and breakdown [J]. PLoS Biol, 2020, 18(1): e3000595.
21	Kim WS, Weickert CS, Garner B. Role of ATP-binding cassette transporters in brain lipid transport and neurological disease [J]. J Neurochem, 2008, 104(5): 1145-1166.
22	Corales LG, Inada H, Owada Y, et al. Fatty acid preference for beta-oxidation in mitochondria of murine cultured astrocytes [J]. Genes Cells, 2024, 29(9): 757-768.
23	Chen J, Li Q, Wang J. Topology of human apolipoprotein E3 uniquely regulates its diverse biological functions [J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2011, 108(36): 14813-14818.
24	Belaidi AA, Bush AI, Ayton S. Apolipoprotein E in Alzheimer's disease: molecular insights and therapeutic opportunities [J]. Mol Neurodegener, 2025, 20(1): 47.
25	Qi G, Mi Y, Shi X, et al. ApoE4 impairs neuron-astrocyte coupling of fatty acid metabolism [J]. Cell Rep, 2021, 34(1): 108572.
26	Lanfranco MF, Ng CA, Rebeck GW. ApoE lipidation as a therapeutic target in Alzheimer's disease [J]. Int J Mol Sci, 2020, 21(17): 6336.
27	Farmer BC, Kluemper J, Johnson LA. Apolipoprotein E4 alters astrocyte fatty acid metabolism and lipid droplet formation [J]. Cells, 2019, 8(2): 182.
28	Lindner K, Gavin AC. Isoform- and cell-state-specific ApoE homeostasis and function [J]. Neural Regen Res, 2024, 19(11): 2456-2466.
29	Zalocusky KA, Najm R, Taubes AL, et al. Neuronal ApoE upregulates MHC-I expression to drive selective neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease [J]. Nat Neurosci, 2021, 24(6): 786-798.
30	Nelson TJ, Sen A. Apolipoprotein E particle size is increased in Alzheimer's disease [J]. Alzheimers Dement (Amst), 2019, 11: 10-18.
31	Vecchio FL, Bisceglia P, Imbimbo BP, et al. Are apolipoprotein E fragments a promising new therapeutic target for Alzheimer's disease? [J]. Ther Adv Chronic Dis, 2022, 13: 20406223221081605.
32	Singh SK, Kordula T, Spiegel S. Neuronal contact upregulates astrocytic sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 to coordinate astrocyte-neuron cross communication [J]. Glia, 2022, 70(4): 712-727.
33	Chen J, Stork T, Kang Y, et al. Astrocyte growth is driven by the Tre1/S1pr1 phospholipid-binding G protein-coupled receptor [J]. Neuron, 2024, 112(1): 93-112. e10.
34	Alam S, Afsar SY, van Echten-Deckert G. S1P released by SGPL1-deficient astrocytes enhances astrocytic ATP production via S1PR(2,4), thus keeping autophagy in check: potential consequences for brain health [J]. Int J Mol Sci, 2023, 24(5): 4581.
35	Mishra A, Gordon GR, MacVicar BA, et al. Astrocyte regulation of cerebral blood flow in health and disease [J]. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol, 2024, 16(4): a041354.
36	Clasadonte J, Poulain P, Hanchate NK, et al. Prostaglandin E2 release from astrocytes triggers gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neuron firing via EP2 receptor activation [J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2011, 108(38): 16104-16109.
37	Paniagua-Herranz L, Gil-Redondo JC, Queipo MJ, et al. Prostaglandin E₂ impairs P2Y₂/P2Y₄ receptor signaling in cerebellar astrocytes via EP3 receptors [J]. Front Pharmacol, 2017, 8: 937.
38	Zhang Y, Chen K, Sloan SA, et al. An RNA-sequencing transcriptome and splicing database of glia, neurons, and vascular cells of the cerebral cortex [J]. J Neurosci, 2014, 34(36): 11929-11947.
39	Harkany T, Tretiakov E, Varela L, et al. Molecularly stratified hypothalamic astrocytes are cellular foci for obesity [J]. Res Sq, 2024: rs.3.rs-3748581.
40	Chen ZP, Wang S, Zhao X, et al. Lipid-accumulated reactive astrocytes promote disease progression in epilepsy [J]. Nat Neurosci, 2023, 26(4): 542-554.
41	Chen WT, Lu A, Craessaerts K, et al. Spatial transcriptomics and in situ sequencing to study Alzheimer's disease [J]. Cell, 2020, 182(4): 976-991. e19.
42	Zucha D, Abaffy P, Kirdajova D, et al. Spatiotemporal transcriptomic map of glial cell response in a mouse model of acute brain ischemia [J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2024, 121(46): e2404203121.
43	Long JM, Holtzman DM. Alzheimer disease: an update on pathobiology and treatment strategies [J]. Cell, 2019, 179(2): 312-339.
44	Zhang Y, Chen H, Li R, et al. Amyloid β-based therapy for Alzheimer's disease: challenges, successes and future [J]. Signal Transduct Target Ther, 2023, 8(1): 248.
45	Matveyenka M, Ali A, Mitchell CL, et al. Cholesterol accelerates aggregation of α-synuclein simultaneously increasing the toxicity of amyloid fibrils [J]. ACS Chem Neurosci, 2024, 15(21): 4075-4081.
46	Wang H, Kulas JA, Wang C, et al. Regulation of beta-amyloid production in neurons by astrocyte-derived cholesterol [J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2021, 118(33): e2102191118.
47	Wang C, Shou Y, Pan J, et al. The relationship between cholesterol level and Alzheimer's disease-associated APP proteolysis/Aβ metabolism [J]. Nutr Neurosci, 2019, 22(7): 453-463.
48	Hashemi M, Banerjee S, Lyubchenko YL. Free cholesterol accelerates Aβ self-assembly on membranes at physiological concentration [J]. Int J Mol Sci, 2022, 23(5): 2803.
49	Mi Y, Qi G, Vitali F, et al. Loss of fatty acid degradation by astrocytic mitochondria triggers neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration [J]. Nat Metab, 2023, 5(3): 445-465.
50	Staurenghi E, Giannelli S, Testa G, et al. Cholesterol dysmetabolism in Alzheimer's disease: a starring role for astrocytes? [J]. Antioxidants (Basel), 2021, 10(12): 1890.
51	Sun H, Yang T, Simon RP, et al. Role of cholesterol metabolic enzyme CYP46A1 and its metabolite 24S-hydroxycholesterol in ischemic stroke [J]. Stroke, 2024, 55(10): 2492-2501.
52	叶一, 曾勇. 血脂与轻度认知障碍相关性的研究进展 [J/OL]. 中华脑血管病杂志(电子版), 2024, 18(1): 14-18.
53	Prajapat M, Kaur G, Choudhary G, et al. A systematic review for the development of Alzheimer's disease in in vitro models: a focus on different inducing agents [J]. Front Aging Neurosci, 2023, 15: 1296919.
54	Wang T, Zhang X, Wang Y, et al. High cholesterol and 27-hydroxycholesterol contribute to phosphorylation of tau protein by impairing autophagy causing learning and memory impairment in C57BL/6J mice [J]. J Nutr Biochem, 2022, 106: 109016.
55	Tuck BJ, Miller LVC, Katsinelos T, et al. Cholesterol determines the cytosolic entry and seeded aggregation of tau [J]. Cell Rep, 2022, 39(5): 110776.
56	van der Kant R, Langness VF, Herrera CM, et al. Cholesterol metabolism is a druggable axis that independently regulates Tau and amyloid-β in iPSC-derived Alzheimer's disease neurons [J]. Cell Stem Cell, 2019, 24(3): 363-375. e369.
57	Bryleva EY, Rogers MA, Chang CCY, et al. ACAT1 gene ablation increases 24(S)-hydroxycholesterol content in the brain and ameliorates amyloid pathology in mice with AD [J]. Proc Nat Acad Sci U S A, 2010, 107(7): 3081-3086.
58	Feringa FM, van der Kant R. Cholesterol and Alzheimer's disease; from risk genes to pathological effects [J]. Front Aging Neurosci, 2021, 13: 690372.
59	Raulin AC, Doss SV, Trottier ZA, et al. ApoE in Alzheimer's disease: pathophysiology and therapeutic strategies [J]. Mol Neurodegener, 2022, 17(1): 72.
60	Dias D, Portugal CC, Relvas J, et al. From genetics to neuroinflammation: the impact of ApoE4 on microglial function in Alzheimer's disease [J]. Cells, 2025, 14(4): 243.
61	Mahley RW, Huang Y. Apolipoprotein e sets the stage: response to injury triggers neuropathology [J]. Neuron, 2012, 76(5): 871-885.
62	Wang C, Najm R, Xu Q, et al. Gain of toxic apolipoprotein E4 effects in human iPSC-derived neurons is ameliorated by a small-molecule structure corrector [J]. Nat Med, 2018, 24(5): 647-657.
63	Zhao J, Fu Y, Yamazaki Y, et al. ApoE4 exacerbates synapse loss and neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease patient iPSC-derived cerebral organoids [J]. Nat Commun, 2020, 11(1): 5540.
64	Litvinchuk A, Suh JH, Guo JL, et al. Amelioration of Tau and ApoE4-linked glial lipid accumulation and neurodegeneration with an LXR agonist [J]. Neuron, 2024, 112(3): 384-403. e8.
65	Liu L, Li Z, Zhou H, et al. Chinese Stroke Association guidelines for clinical management of ischaemic cerebrovascular diseases: executive summary and 2023 update [J]. Stroke Vasc Neurol, 2023, 8(6): e3.
66	Collyer E, Blanco-Suarez E. Astrocytes in stroke-induced neurodegeneration: a timeline [J]. Front Mol Med, 2023, 3: 1240862.
67	乔红梅, 张京芬, 王宝军. 乳酸与乳酸化在缺血性卒中中的作用机制和研究进展 [J/OL]. 中华脑血管病杂志(电子版), 2025, 19(4): 274-279.
68	Kato T, Yoshioka H, Owada Y, et al. Roles of fatty acid binding protein 7 in ischemic neuronal injury and ischemia-induced neurogenesis after transient forebrain ischemia [J]. Brain Res, 2020, 1736: 146795.
69	Eraso-Pichot A, Brasó-Vives M, Golbano A, et al. GSEA of mouse and human mitochondriomes reveals fatty acid oxidation in astrocytes [J]. Glia, 2018, 66(8): 1724-1735.
70	Sayre NL, Sifuentes M, Holstein D, et al. Stimulation of astrocyte fatty acid oxidation by thyroid hormone is protective against ischemic stroke-induced damage [J]. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab, 2017, 37(2): 514-527.
71	Holstein DM, Saliba A, Lozano D, et al. β-hydroxybutyrate enhances brain metabolism in normoglycemia and hyperglycemia, providing cerebroprotection in a mouse stroke model [J]. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab, 2025, 45(8): 1493-1506.
72	Calabresi P, Di Lazzaro G, Marino G, et al. Advances in understanding the function of alpha-synuclein: implications for Parkinson's disease [J]. Brain, 2023, 146(9): 3587-3597.
73	Brekk OR, Honey JR, Lee S, et al. Cell type-specific lipid storage changes in Parkinson's disease patient brains are recapitulated by experimental glycolipid disturbance [J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2020, 117(44): 27646-27654.
74	Matveyenka M, Zhaliazka K, Kurouski D. Unsaturated fatty acids uniquely alter aggregation rate of α-synuclein and insulin and change the secondary structure and toxicity of amyloid aggregates formed in their presence [J]. FASEB J, 2023, 37(7): e22972.
75	Girard V, Jollivet F, Knittelfelder O, et al. Abnormal accumulation of lipid droplets in neurons induces the conversion of alpha-Synuclein to proteolytic resistant forms in a Drosophila model of Parkinson's disease [J]. PLoS Genet, 2021, 17(11): e1009921.
76	Ralhan I, Chang CL, Lippincott-Schwartz J, et al. Lipid droplets in the nervous system [J]. J Cell Biol, 2021, 220(7): e202102136.
77	Dai L, Wang J, Zhang X, et al. 27-hydroxycholesterol drives the spread of α-synuclein pathology in Parkinson's disease [J]. Mov Disord, 2023, 38(11): 2005-2018.
78	Huang XX, Li L, Jiang RH, et al. Lipidomic analysis identifies long-chain acylcarnitine as a target for ischemic stroke [J]. J Adv Res, 2024, 61: 133-149.
79	Walecha V, Luthra PM. The mitochondrial-astrocyte-neuron triad hypothesis in Parkinson's disease: a toxic feedback loop of metabolism, aggregation, and oxidative stress [J]. Neurochem Res, 2025, 50(5): 317.
80	Barik SK, Bansal R, Singh S. Targeting PI3K/Akt/mTOR with fisetin mechanistic and therapeutics insights for Parkinson's disease [J]. Lett Drug Des Discov, 2025, 22(12): 100319.
81	Du Y, Yang Y, Zhang C, et al. The spatiotemporal dynamic evolution of post-stroke neuroinflammation: energy metabolism mechanisms of acute response and chronic progression [J]. Front Pharmacol, 2026, 17: 1762764.
82	Yamazaki Y, Zhao N, Caulfield TR, et al. Apolipoprotein E and Alzheimer disease: pathobiology and targeting strategies [J]. Nat Rev Neurol, 2019, 15(9): 501-518.
83	Chen Y, Jin H, Chen J, et al. The multifaceted roles of apolipoprotein E4 in Alzheimer's disease pathology and potential therapeutic strategies [J]. Cell Death Discov, 2025, 11(1): 312.
84	Honig LS, Barakos J, Dhadda S, et al. ARIA in patients treated with lecanemab (BAN2401) in a phase 2 study in early Alzheimer's disease [J]. Alzheimers Dement (N Y), 2023, 9(1): e12377.

[1]	Tana, Yalun Weng, Jun Zhang. Diffusion tensor imaging evaluates the efficacy of high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in treating post-stroke motor impairment [J]. Chinese Journal of Brain Diseases and Rehabilitation(Electronic Edition), 2026, 16(04): 213-219.
[2]	Xiaohui Li, Yu Hang, Xuan Wang, Zhenyu Jia, Lina Mao, Longquan Dai, Haibin Shi, Li Ji. Analysis of Risk Factors for Hemorrhagic Transformation after Alteplase Intravenous Thrombolytic Bridging with Mechanical Thrombectomy in Acute Large Vessel Occlusive Stroke [J]. Chinese Journal of Interventional Radiology(Electronic Edition), 2026, 14(03): 286-291.
[3]	Yang Li, Baojun Wang, Tianyou Zhang. Impact of door-to-needle time ≤60 min on the prognosis of acute ischemic stroke [J]. Chinese Journal of Cerebrovascular Diseases(Electronic Edition), 2026, 20(05): 533-541.
[4]	Yuwei Huang, Xinhua Shi, Bingjun Shu. Effect of miR-186-5p regulation on the neurological function of mice with ischemic stroke [J]. Chinese Journal of Cerebrovascular Diseases(Electronic Edition), 2026, 20(05): 556-564.
[5]	Yong Chen, Miao Peng, Yuehong Pei, Xiao Huang, Gan Zhang, Wenjing Wang, Qiong Yang. Commentary on the Chinese expert consensus on endovascular treatment technology for acute ischemic stroke 2025: toward precision and standardization [J]. Chinese Journal of Cerebrovascular Diseases(Electronic Edition), 2026, 20(05): 485-490.
[6]	Ruoman Li, Fan Wang, Tao Zhang. Predictive value of ASPECTS combined with apparent diffusion coefficient for the prognosis of intravenous thrombolysis in acute ischemic stroke [J]. Chinese Journal of Cerebrovascular Diseases(Electronic Edition), 2026, 20(04): 403-410.
[7]	Shuang Zhang, Qi Xie, Qingwu Yang. Research advances and novel neuroprotective strategies of futile recanalization in acute ischemic stroke [J]. Chinese Journal of Cerebrovascular Diseases(Electronic Edition), 2026, 20(04): 351-358.
[8]	Rongyuan Dai, Yuehong Pei, Qingli Sun, Xiao Huang, Gan Zhang, Dongsheng Fan, Yu Fu. Highlights of the 2026 guideline for the early management of patients with acute ischemic stroke: a guideline from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association [J]. Chinese Journal of Cerebrovascular Diseases(Electronic Edition), 2026, 20(04): 359-364.
[9]	Chenying Zeng, Yunqing Chen, Zubing Xu, Qiulong Yu, Jing Lin, Daojun Hong, Qi Tu. Prognostic value of inflammatory biomarkers in patients with acute ischemic stroke undergoing endovascular therapy: a comparison between large and non-large ischemic cores [J]. Chinese Journal of Cerebrovascular Diseases(Electronic Edition), 2026, 20(04): 372-379.
[10]	Chenming Wei, Jingyu Mu, Xinyi Zhao, Le Chen, Jian Wu. Comparative diagnostic and predictive performance of different scoring scales for identifying anterior circulation large vessel occlusion stroke [J]. Chinese Journal of Cerebrovascular Diseases(Electronic Edition), 2026, 20(04): 380-388.
[11]	Zhixia Kang, Yuxia Ban, Ruyu Bai, Meimei Hao, Zhengzheng Li, Qinqin Su. Value of the atherogenic index of plasma and programmed cell death 4 in predicting neurological deficits and prognosis in acute ischemic stroke [J]. Chinese Journal of Cerebrovascular Diseases(Electronic Edition), 2026, 20(04): 389-395.
[12]	Qiongdan Hu, Shanbing Hou, Xia Chen, Jiaoyuan Wang, Xiaoxi Dai. Predictive value of stress hyperglycemia ratio for prognosis in acute ischemic stroke patients treated with intravenous thrombolysis [J]. Chinese Journal of Cerebrovascular Diseases(Electronic Edition), 2026, 20(04): 396-402.
[13]	Yilihamu Mubalake, Meng Ji, Wei Qin, Wenli Hu, Chaodong Wang, Ming Lu. Causal effects of thyroid function on ischemic stroke: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study [J]. Chinese Journal of Cerebrovascular Diseases(Electronic Edition), 2026, 20(04): 432-439.
[14]	Ying Zhou, Wenwen Li, Yu Zhou, Wei Li, Siyi He, Haiyan Xia, Hailing Wang. Qualitative study on the determinants and interventions of pre-hospital delay in acute ischemic stroke: perspectives from clinical healthcare professionals [J]. Chinese Journal of Cerebrovascular Diseases(Electronic Edition), 2026, 20(04): 446-454.
[15]	Kailai Huang, Wei Li, Zhenqiang Zhao. Clinical advances of edaravone dexborneol in the treatment of acute ischemic stroke [J]. Chinese Journal of Cerebrovascular Diseases(Electronic Edition), 2026, 20(04): 455-461.

Please choose a citation manager

Content to export