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Chinese Journal of Cerebrovascular Diseases(Electronic Edition) ›› 2026, Vol. 20 ›› Issue (05): 491-500. doi: 10.3877/cma.j.issn.1673-9248.2026.05.003

• Original Article • Previous Articles    

Long-term clinical efficacy of palliative embolization for adult brain arteriovenous malformations

Tengfei Yu, Heze Han, Chengzhuo Wang, Youxiang Li, Shuo Wang, Yu Chen, Xiaolin Chen†()   

  1. Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, China
  • Received:2026-07-28 Online:2026-10-01 Published:2026-10-27
  • Contact: Xiaolin Chen

Abstract:

Objective

To compare the long-term differences in hemorrhagic stroke or death between palliative embolization and conservative management in adult patients with brain arteriovenous malformations (AVM), and to evaluate the effectiveness of different treatment strategies.

Methods

This study was conducted within the prospective, nationwide multimodality treatment for brain arteriovenous malformations in Chinese mainland (MATCH) registry, and consecutive AVM patients were enrolled from August 2011 to December 2025. Patients receiving conservative management were assigned to the conservative management group, while those receiving palliative embolization were assigned to the palliative embolization group. Propensity score matching (PSM) was used to balance baseline differences between groups. Survival analyses were performed in the overall cohort and in strata defined by hemorrhage status (unruptured vs ruptured) to compare long-term rates of hemorrhagic stroke or death, as well as neurological outcomes. Subgroup analyses were conducted for the primary outcome (hemorrhagic stroke or death) to test robustness. Poisson regression was used to compare the risk of the primary outcome between the matched groups, with risk differences (RD) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) calculated. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression models were constructed in the matched cohorts, and results were reported as adjusted hazard ratios (HR) with 95%CI. Cumulative incidence curves for the 10-year primary outcome were plotted, and between-group differences were assessed using the Log-Rank test. For the secondary functional outcome (modified Rankin scale score 0-1), relative risks (RR) were estimated using modified Poisson regression or log-binomial models.

Results

A total of 824 patients received either conservative treatment or palliative embolization. After PSM, the overall matched cohort comprised 608 patients (304 pairs). The median follow-up duration for the primary outcome endpoint was 1.67 years (IQR 0.36, 6.03). The palliative embolization group had a higher incidence of long-term hemorrhagic stroke or death than the conservative group (3.71 per 100 patient-years vs 1.71 per 100 patient-years; RD=2.00, 95%CI: 0.24 to 3.77, P=0.007). In subgroup analyses, palliative embolization was not superior to conservative treatment in unruptured AVM (2.47 per 100 patient-years vs 1.52 per 100 patient-years; RD=0.95, 95%CI: -0.91 to 2.81, P=0.255), while comparable outcomes were observed in ruptured AVM (6.06 per 100 patient-years vs 3.35 per 100 patient-years; RD=2.71, 95%CI: -2.04 to 7.47, P=0.183). Stratification by embolization extent showed that patients achieving >50% nidus volume reduction experienced no hemorrhagic stroke or death, regardless of rupture status. In the overall cohort, patients in the palliative embolization group were less likely to have favorable functional outcomes (mRS score of 0 to 1) compared to those in the conservative treatment group [74.67% (227/304) vs 81.91% (249/304), RR=0.91, 95%CI: 0.84 to 0.99, P=0.030].

Conclusion

Palliative embolization was overall inferior to conservative treatment in preventing long-term hemorrhagic stroke or death in adult patients with brain AVM.

Key words: Brain arteriovenous malformation, Palliative embolization, Death, Hemorrhagic stroke, Neurological outcomes

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