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Chinese Journal of Cerebrovascular Diseases(Electronic Edition) ›› 2025, Vol. 19 ›› Issue (03): 207-212. doi: 10.3877/cma.j.issn.1673-9248.2025.03.006

• Clinical Research • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Relationship between CT pulmonary angiography-undetectable pulmonary arteriovenous communications and cardioembolic embolism

Dewei Wu, Xiuling Wang, Chenglong Guo, Yanyan Chu, Jing Gao, Yubin Wang(), Chunlin Yin()   

  1. Department of Cardiology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research, Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing 100053, China
  • Received:2025-03-24 Online:2025-06-01 Published:2025-08-11
  • Contact: Yubin Wang, Chunlin Yin

Abstract:

Objective

To investigate the incidence and clinical significance of pulmonary arteriovenous communications PACs undetectable by CT pulmonary angiography (CTPA).

Methods

This retrospective study included patients undergoing contrast transthoracic echocardiography (cTTE) at Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University from August 2023 to February 2025. Patients with confirmed extracardiac right-to-left shunt (RLS) by contrast transesophageal echocardiography (cTEE) were selected and underwent CTPA to identify pulmonary arteriovenous malformations (PAVM). Participants were divided into PAVM and non-PAVM groups based on imaging findings. Baseline characteristics, cTTE/cTEE features, accompanying symptoms, and cerebrovascular events were compared between groups. 

Results

Among 362 patients with RLS detected by cTTE, 21 showed cTEE-confirmed extracardiac RLS. CTPA revealed visible PAVMs in 4 cases (19.0%) and microscopic pulmonary arteriovenous shunts in 17 cases (81.0%). All PAVM group patients exhibited grade 3 RLS on both cTTE/cTEE with complete left atrial filling on cTTE. In the non-PAVM group, 88.2% showed grade 3 RLS and 23.5% demonstrated complete left atrial filling. The PAVM group included 3 cases of ischemic stroke/transient ischemic attack (TIA) and 1 asymptomatic cerebral infarction. The non-PAVM group had 3 (17.6%) stroke/TIA cases and 12 (70.6%) asymptomatic cerebral infarctions.

Conclusion

Most extracardiac RLSs manifest as microscopic PACs rather than CTPA-visible PAVMs. Despite their subradiographic nature, these shunts are associated with substantial intracranial ischemic risk, necessitating heightened clinical vigilance and alternative diagnostic strategies.

Key words: Right-to-left shunt, Pulmonary arteriovenous malformations, Pulmonary arteriovenous communication, Ischemic stroke

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