Post-stroke balance disorder significantly increases the risk of falls and severely affects patients' quality of life. Post-stroke balance disorder is a complex dysfunction involving multiple systems, and its pathogenesis involves multiple levels such as abnormal sensory input, impaired central nervous system network integration, imbalance in motor output, and cognitive-motor coupling disorders. Multimodal comprehensive rehabilitation interventions, including mechanism-oriented pharmacotherapy, neuromodulation therapy, and rehabilitation therapy, can effectively improve patients' balance function. This article systematically collects and analyzes research literature on post-stroke balance disorder in recent years by searching relevant domestic and international databases, summarizing its neurophysiological basis, structural and functional damage mechanisms, and treatment strategies, with the aim of providing a reference for developing more precise and individualized treatment plans.