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中华脑血管病杂志(电子版) ›› 2026, Vol. 20 ›› Issue (05) : 508 -515. doi: 10.3877/cma.j.issn.1673-9248.2026.05.005

论著

机器人辅助置管引流与开颅血肿清除术治疗自发性脑出血的临床疗效
陈燊浩, 马浩宇, 王晶晶, 李晔†()   
  1. 100053 北京,首都医科大学宣武医院神经外科
  • 收稿日期:2026-07-29 出版日期:2026-10-01
  • 通信作者: 李晔
  • 基金资助:
    北京市自然科学基金-海淀原始创新联合基金(L242030,L252077)

Clinical efficacy of robot-assisted catheter drainage versus craniotomy hematoma evacuation for spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage

Shenhao Chen, Haoyu Ma, Jingjing Wang, Ye Li†()   

  1. Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
  • Received:2026-07-29 Published:2026-10-01
  • Corresponding author: Ye Li
引用本文:

陈燊浩, 马浩宇, 王晶晶, 李晔. 机器人辅助置管引流与开颅血肿清除术治疗自发性脑出血的临床疗效[J/OL]. 中华脑血管病杂志(电子版), 2026, 20(05): 508-515.

Shenhao Chen, Haoyu Ma, Jingjing Wang, Ye Li. Clinical efficacy of robot-assisted catheter drainage versus craniotomy hematoma evacuation for spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage[J/OL]. Chinese Journal of Cerebrovascular Diseases(Electronic Edition), 2026, 20(05): 508-515.

目的

比较机器人辅助置管引流与开颅血肿清除术治疗自发性脑出血(sICH)的临床疗效。

方法

回顾性收集2023年1月至2025年11月首都医科大学宣武医院神经外科收治的sICH患者为研究对象,经神经外科医师综合评估后,结合患者本人或其家属意愿,行机器人辅助置管引流术(机器人组)或开颅血肿清除术(开颅组)。采用倾向性评分重叠加权平衡2组基线差异。主要结局为术后6个月功能独立[改良Rankin量表(mRS)评分0~2分];次要结局为术后3个月功能独立,术后3、6个月功能良好(mRS评分0~3分),术后6个月Barthel指数和病死情况。在重叠加权后,二分类结局采用加权Logistic回归,连续性结局采用加权线性回归,并以稳健夹心方差估计95%置信区间(CI)和P值。分别通过从倾向性评分模型中去除入院至手术时间,以及排除幕下和混合型出血患者后,重新估计倾向性评分和权重,并进行敏感性分析。

结果

共纳入138例患者,其中机器人组79例,开颅组59例,重叠加权后基线协变量均衡。重叠加权前分析显示,机器人组和开颅组患者的术后6个月功能独立率分别为40.51%(32/79)和10.17%(6/59),术后6个月功能良好率分别为55.70%(44/79)和25.42%(15/59),术后6个月Barthel指数分别为(57.85±42.20)和(29.83±34.23)分,差异均有统计学意义(χ2=15.578、12.647,t=4.303;P均<0.001);2组sICH患者的术后3、6个月全因病死率比较,差异均无统计学意义(P均>0.05)。重叠加权后分析显示,机器人辅助置管引流与sICH患者术后6个月功能独立可能性升高相关(OR=4.25,95%CI:1.60~11.28,P=0.004)。与开颅组患者相比,机器人组患者的手术时长[几何均数比(GMR)=0.27,95%CI:0.24~0.32,P<0.001]、重症监护病房住院时长(GMR=0.73,95%CI:0.60~0.90,P=0.003)和总住院时长(GMR=0.77,95%CI:0.64~0.94,P=0.008)均显著缩短,术中失血量(GMR=0.03,95%CI:0.02~0.05,P<0.001)和肺部感染发生率均显著降低(OR=0.40,95%CI:0.19~0.83,P=0.014),其余安全事件差异均无统计学意义(P均>0.05)。

结论

在重叠加权人群中,机器人辅助置管引流与sICH患者较好的中期功能结局及较少的围手术期资源消耗相关,但生存获益和总体安全性优势尚不确定。

Objective

To compare the clinical efficacy of robot-assisted catheter drainage and craniotomy hematoma evacuation for spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (sICH).

Methods

This study retrospectively collected data from patients with sICH treated in the Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, from January 2023 to November 2025. Based on comprehensive neurosurgical assessment and patient or family preference, patients underwent either robot-assisted catheter drainage (robot-assisted group) or craniotomy for hematoma evacuation (craniotomy group). Propensity score overlap weighting was used to balance baseline differences between groups. The primary outcome was functional independence at 6 months, defined as a modified Rankin scale (mRS) score of 0-2. Secondary outcomes included functional independence at postoperative 3 months, favorable functional outcome (mRS score 0–3) at postoperative 3 and 6 months, Barthel index at postoperative 6 months, and mortality. After overlap weighting, binary outcomes were analyzed using weighted Logistic regression and continuous outcomes using weighted linear regression, with robust sandwich variance estimates for 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) and P values. Sensitivity analyses were performed by re-estimating propensity scores and weights after removing admission-to-surgery time from the propensity score model and, separately, after excluding infratentorial and mixed hemorrhages.

Results

A total of 138 patients were included, with 79 in the robot-assisted group and 59 in the craniotomy group. Baseline covariates were balanced after overlap weighting. Before weighting, the postoperative 6-month functional independence rates were 40.51% (32/79) and 10.17% (6/59), the postoperative 6-month favorable functional outcome rates were 55.70% (44/79) and 25.42% (15/59), and the postoperative 6-month Barthel index scores were 57.85±42.20 and 29.83±34.23 in the robot-assisted and craniotomy groups, respectively, with significant differences between groups (χ2=15.578, 12.647, t=4.303; all P<0.001). All-cause mortality at 3 and 6 months postoperatively did not differ significantly between groups (both P>0.05). After overlap weighting, robot-assisted catheter drainage was associated with higher odds of functional independence at 6 months postoperatively for sICH patients (OR=4.25, 95%CI: 1.60-11.28, P=0.004). Compared with the craniotomy group, the robot-assisted group had shorter operative time [geometric mean ratio (GMR)=0.27, 95%CI: 0.24-0.32, P<0.001], length of intensive care unit stay (GMR=0.73, 95%CI: 0.60-0.90, P=0.003), and total length of hospital stay (GMR=0.77, 95%CI: 0.64-0.94, P=0.008), as well as less intraoperative blood loss (GMR=0.03, 95%CI: 0.02-0.05, P<0.001) and a lower incidence of pulmonary infection (OR=0.40, 95%CI: 0.19-0.83, P=0.014). No significant differences were observed in other safety outcomes (all P>0.05).

Conclusion

In the overlap-weighted population, robot-assisted catheter drainage was associated with better mid-term functional outcomes and lower perioperative resource utilization for sICH patients, whereas its advantages in survival benefit and overall safety remain uncertain.

表1 2组自发性脑出血患者重叠加权前后基线资料比较
项目 重叠加权前 重叠加权后
开颅组(n=59) 机器人组(n=79) 统计值 P值 开颅组(n=59) 机器人组(n=79) SMD值
年龄(岁,
±s)
57.98±13.52 57.09±13.34 t=-0.387 0.699 56.10±12.62 56.10±12.28 <0.1
性别[例(%)] χ2=0.000 0.989 <0.1
男性 44(74.58) 59(74.68) 44.86(76.03) 60.06(76.03)
女性 15(25.42) 20(25.32) 14.14(23.97) 18.94(23.97)
发病至入院时间[h,M(Q1,Q3)] 3.00(2.00,5.00) 5.00(3.00,15.73) Z=3.024 0.002 4.00(2.00,8.00) 4.00(2.43,11.00) <0.1
入院至手术时间[h,M(Q1,Q3)] 2.33(1.90,3.08) 2.57(1.88,3.60) Z=0.682 0.495 2.23(1.88,3.13) 2.52(1.87,2.88) <0.1
收缩压(mmHg,
±s)
169.22±33.51 166.42±28.19 t=-0.533 0.595 165.07±31.10 165.07±28.96 <0.1
舒张压[mmHg,M(Q1,Q3)] 92.00(84.50,103.50) 96.00(82.50,106.50) Z=0.896 0.370 92.00(85.00,102.00) 100.00(80.00,118.00) <0.1
入院时GCS [分,M(Q1,Q3)] 10.00(6.00,12.00) 12.00(8.00,14.00) Z=2.322 0.020 11.00(8.00,14.00) 11.00(8.00,14.00) <0.1
瞳孔对光反射[例(%)] χ2=5.194 0.075 <0.1
灵敏 31(52.54) 50(63.29) 36.17(61.31) 48.43(61.30)
迟钝 22(37.29) 16(20.25) 14.36(24.34) 19.23(24.34)
消失 6(10.17) 13(16.46) 8.47(14.36) 11.34(14.35)
既往史[例(%)]
高血压史 42(71.19) 61(77.22) χ2=0.648 0.421 46.40(78.64) 62.12(78.63) <0.1
糖尿病史 10(16.95) 18(22.78) χ2=0.711 0.399 12.75(21.61) 17.07(21.61) <0.1
冠心病史 7(11.86) 9(11.39) χ2=0.007 0.932 7.45(12.63) 9.97(12.62) <0.1
脑卒中史 12(20.34) 19(24.05) χ2=0.267 0.605 10.70(18.14) 14.33(18.14) <0.1
抗凝/抗血小板药物使用史 21(35.59) 23(29.11) χ2=0.653 0.419 15.40(26.10) 20.62(26.10) <0.1
原发血肿部位[例(%)] χ2=30.646 <0.001 <0.1
深部 20(33.90) 61(77.22) 32.08(54.37) 42.95(54.37)
脑叶 20(33.90) 7(8.86) 12.52(21.22) 16.77(21.23)
幕下 5(8.47) 7(8.86) 7.11(12.05) 9.52(12.05)
混合 14(23.73) 4(5.06) 7.29(12.36) 9.77(12.37)
破入脑室[例(%)] 36(61.02) 50(63.29) χ2=0.074 0.785 36.43(61.75) 48.78(61.75) <0.1
血肿体积[mL,M(Q1,Q3)] 63.90(39.74,94.25) 31.00(17.27,55.56) Z=-4.624 <0.001 51.24(27.72,72.00) 50.00(29.36,69.19) <0.1
表2 2组自发性脑出血患者重叠加权前后功能结局比较
表3 2组自发性脑出血患者重叠加权前后围手术期与安全性指标比较
项目 重叠加权前 重叠加权后
开颅组(n=59) 机器人组(n=79) 统计值 P值 开颅组(n=59) 机器人组(n=79) Z值 效应量 95%CI P值
手术时长[h,M(Q1,Q3)] 4.73(3.57,5.53) 1.08(0.84,1.41) Z=-9.482 <0.001 4.62(3.50,5.18) 1.08(0.85,1.33) -17.441 GMR=0.27 0.24~0.32 <0.001
术中失血量[mL,M(Q1,Q3)] 300.00(200.00,600.00) 5.00(5.00,10.00) Z=-9.895 <0.001 250.00(200.00,600.00) 5.00(5.00,10.00) -20.090 GMR=0.03 0.02~0.05 <0.001
引流管留置时长[d,M(Q1,Q3)] 3.44(2.44,4.99)a 3.98(2.41,6.65) Z=0.822 0.411 3.68(2.67,4.99) 4.18(2.83,6.52) 0.889 GMR=1.10 0.89~1.37 0.374
ICU住院时长[d,M(Q1,Q3)] 18.00(10.00,25.00) 13.00(6.50,20.00) Z=-2.819 0.005 17.00(9.00,22.00) 13.00(7.00,20.00) -2.949 GMR=0.73 0.60~0.90 0.003
总住院时长[d,M(Q1,Q3)] 18.00(10.00,25.00) 13.00(7.50,20.00) Z=-2.580 0.010 18.00(9.00,25.00) 13.00(8.00,20.00) -2.634 GMR=0.77 0.64~0.94 0.008
肺部感染[例(%)] 48(81.36) 52(65.82) χ2=4.084 0.043 49.07(83.17) 52.32(66.23) -2.468 OR=0.40 0.19~0.83 0.014
颅内感染[例(%)] 3(5.08) 4(5.06) - >0.999 2.18(3.69) 7.26(9.19) 1.083 OR=2.64 0.46~15.35 0.279
深静脉血栓形成[例(%)] 33(55.93) 29(36.71) χ2=5.044 0.025 32.04(54.31) 28.67(36.29) -1.733 OR=0.48 0.21~1.10 0.083
消化道出血[例(%)] 9(15.25) 5(6.33) χ2=2.951 0.086 11.19(18.97) 7.80(9.87) -1.203 OR=0.47 0.14~1.61 0.229
脑积水[例(%)] 1(1.69) 3(3.80) - 0.636 0.70(1.19) 1.89(2.39) 0.536 OR=2.03 0.15~26.79 0.592
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