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中华脑血管病杂志(电子版) ›› 2026, Vol. 20 ›› Issue (05) : 570 -578. doi: 10.3877/cma.j.issn.1673-9248.2026.05.013

综述

神经元-星形胶质细胞脂质代谢偶联在中枢神经系统疾病中的作用及机制
田可心, 刘迅志, 陈祥昕, 杭春华†()   
  1. 210008 江苏南京,南京大学医学院附属鼓楼医院神经外科
  • 收稿日期:2026-05-22 出版日期:2026-10-01
  • 通信作者: 杭春华
  • 基金资助:
    国家自然科学基金项目(82301485,82130037,U24A20687)

Role and mechanisms of neuron-astrocyte lipid metabolic coupling in central nervous system diseases

Kexin Tian, Xunzhi Liu, Xiangxin Chen, Chunhua Hang†()   

  1. Department of Neurosurgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
  • Received:2026-05-22 Published:2026-10-01
  • Corresponding author: Chunhua Hang
引用本文:

田可心, 刘迅志, 陈祥昕, 杭春华. 神经元-星形胶质细胞脂质代谢偶联在中枢神经系统疾病中的作用及机制[J/OL]. 中华脑血管病杂志(电子版), 2026, 20(05): 570-578.

Kexin Tian, Xunzhi Liu, Xiangxin Chen, Chunhua Hang. Role and mechanisms of neuron-astrocyte lipid metabolic coupling in central nervous system diseases[J/OL]. Chinese Journal of Cerebrovascular Diseases(Electronic Edition), 2026, 20(05): 570-578.

星形胶质细胞与神经元通过脂质代谢偶联维持脑稳态。星形胶质细胞提供胆固醇[经载脂蛋白E(ApoE)转运]支持神经元突触功能,同时吸收神经元过量脂肪酸以缓解脂毒性。ApoE异构体(如ApoE4)调控代谢效率,其异常与阿尔茨海默病、脑卒中及帕金森病密切相关。未来需深入解析动态机制与病理关联。本文综述了星形胶质细胞与神经元的脂质代谢偶联过程,并对今后可能的研究方向和治疗靶点进行展望,以期为神经保护治疗提供新策略。

Astrocytes and neurons cooperate to maintain brain homeostasis through tightly regulated lipid metabolic coupling. Astrocytes deliver cholesterol to neurons via apolipoprotein E (ApoE)-containing lipoproteins to sustain synaptic function, while concurrently clearing excess neuronal fatty acids to alleviate lipotoxic stress. Distinct ApoE isoforms (e.g., ApoE4) differentially influence lipid transport and metabolic homeostasis, and their dysregulation is strongly implicated in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative and cerebrovascular disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, stroke, and Parkinson's disease. Future studies should further elucidate the dynamic mechanisms of this coupling and its pathological associations. This article reviews the lipid metabolic coupling process between astrocytes and neurons, and disscusses potential research directions and therapeutic targets in the future, in order to provide new strategies for neuroprotective treatment.

图1 中枢神经系统中神经元和星形胶质细胞的脂质转移示意图。①为星形胶质细胞分泌富含胆固醇和载脂蛋白E(ApoE)的新生脂蛋白颗粒;②为脂蛋白颗粒通过腺苷三磷酸结合盒转运蛋白(ABC)装载星形胶质细胞和神经元中的游离胆固醇,最终形成成熟颗粒;③为脂蛋白颗粒由星形胶质细胞和神经元内吞;④为神经元应激过程中产生的过量脂肪酸由ApoE结合脂质颗粒的形式释放,并被星形胶质细胞内吞;⑤为星形胶质细胞中脂肪酸进入线粒体发生β-氧化
图2 载脂蛋白E(ApoE)不同异构体的比较。图a为ApoE的N端结构域包含受体结合结构域,C端结构域包含脂质结合区域,两者由中央铰链区域连接;图b为ApoE异构体在第112和158位氨基酸位置上彼此不同,由此表现出不同的构象特点和功能改变 注:LDLR为低密度脂蛋白受体;AD为阿尔茨海默病
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